All too often, community violence—and some of its most successful solutions—fail to factor into the policy debate about public safety.

Over the last few years, the nation experienced a deadly surge in gun violence. In 2020, we saw the largest single-year increase in gun homicides on record, followed by another year of rising gun deaths.1 While violence remains at elevated levels, provisional data from the CDC suggests that this alarming trend may be reversing course.

In 2022, firearm-related deaths declined modestly for the first time since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, and partial data from 2023 suggests further reductions. Though cause for optimism, gun violence continues to devastate far too many lives. Over 48,000 people were killed with guns in 2022, averaging nearly 134 gun deaths per day. At least twice as many people were shot and survived.2

Understanding Community Violence

Community violence, one of the most prevalent drivers of the gun violence epidemic, is defined by the CDC as violence between “unrelated individuals, who may or may not know each other, generally outside the home.”3 This includes homicides, shootings, stabbings, and physical assaults.

In 2022, over 19,600 lives were taken by homicide—nearly 80% of which involved firearms—and tens of thousands more were injured severely enough to require hospitalization.4 Today, gun violence is the leading cause of death for children and adolescents.5

The burden of community violence tends to fall hardest on Black and Latino residents, who are disproportionately impacted. Despite making up less than a third of the US population, these groups account for more than three-quarters of gun homicide victims in the US.6 These disparities are further exacerbated by a historical lack of investment, which puts communities of color in a position where they are far too under-resourced to address the magnitude of these issues without a concerted attempt to support their efforts.

What Is CVI?

Community violence intervention (CVI) refers to a set of non-punitive, community-led strategies that are designed to interrupt the transmission of violence by engaging those at highest risk through the provision of individually tailored support services.

Over half of gun homicide victims are Black men

Black men make up 53% of all gun homicide victims, despite comprising less than 6% of the population.

Source

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Underlying Cause of Death 2018-2021 on CDC WONDER Online Database, released in 2023. Data are from the Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2021, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html on Feb 9, 2023. Calculations were based on four years of the most recently available data: 2018 to 2021

Commonly referred to as “CVI workers,” the experts who practice this intervention draw from their lived experiences to reduce the spread of violence in their own community by engaging those at highest risk of being injured and/or producing violence. People at high risk often have prior contact with the criminal legal system, have been shot or seriously injured, and may have a history of carry firearms, though a number of other factors may also contribute. 7

There are essentially two core components to community violence intervention.8 Both require training and a commitment to professional standards of practice.9 Each is incomplete without the other:

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SPOTLIGHT

On the Front Lines

Community violence intervention workers put their lives on the line every day to save other people. This critically important work is also extremely dangerous. Together with our partners, we’re asking for long-term, sustainable funding for community violence intervention to ensure that these individuals can do their jobs safely and effectively. 

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CVI Workers

CVI workers are members of an affected community who are committed to promoting peace and safety and trained to leverage their relationships and engage those at highest risk of involvement in violence to prevent potential injury or death.

For as long as there has been community violence, there have been homegrown peacemakers. They can include concerned community members, parents, faith-based leaders, civil rights activists, previously incarcerated individuals, and survivors of violence who have risked their lives to save others. CVI workers leverage their credibility to develop relationships with community members and groups that might cause violence with the goal of preventing its spread and building peace in a community; they are not responsible for enforcing the law.

In an effort to professionalize the work, there are certain characteristics12 and qualifications13 a CVI worker must possess in order to be appropriately equipped to do the work of reducing violence in their community.

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SPOTLIGHT

TRACKING CVI LEGISLATION

Community violence intervention is a crucial approach to fighting gun violence. Keep up to date on the latest CVI legislation in your state with the Giffords Community Violence Intervention Policy Analysis & Tracking Hub—CVI-PATH.

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CVI Approaches

CVI work can take place in a variety of settings. Listed below are a few models of community violence interventions: 

Hospital-Based Violence Intervention Programs

Hospital-Based Violence Intervention Programs14 are built on the premise that experiencing violence is a significant risk factor for future exposure to violence.15 These programs engage victims of violence at the bedside and work with them post-discharge to decrease the likelihood of reinjury or retaliation. This approach has been shown to stop the revolving door of violent injury seen in too many American hospitals and trauma centers.16

Street Outreach & Violence Interruption

Street Outreach and Violence Interruption17 are proactive approaches that employ trained workers to identify and mediate conflicts in their community. These strategies work to prevent violence before it happens and de-escalate conflict before it potentially turns fatal. Evaluations of street outreach programs from across the county credit this type of work with double-digit reductions in violence in cities large and small.18

Case Management & Transformational Mentoring Programs

Case Management and Transformational Mentoring Programs19 function to provide individuals impacted by community violence with the appropriate social service supports that are tailored to their needs. In some cases, this may look like developing an individualized service plan that incorporates cognitive behavioral therapy, mentoring or life coaching by a trained professional, or helping an individual apply for jobs or legal documents, among other services that function to utilize strategies and protocols that curb the perpetuation of community violence.

Supporting a Comprehensive CVI Approach

No singular CVI approach is going to eliminate community violence; rather, the success of a CVI strategy is only as strong as its coordinated community networks. Effective CVI efforts are those that draw from a menu of approaches, utilize different touchpoints to recruit participants in need, and provide wraparound services through a comprehensive strategy that engages local governments and community organizations.

Local governments are best positioned to support comprehensive CVI strategies by providing sustainable funding and resources to programs that offer those at highest risk the opportunity to explore alternatives to engaging in violent activities.

CASE STUDY EXAMPLES OF SUCCESS

Los Angeles

Since 2007, Los Angeles’s Office of Gang Reduction and Youth Development (GRYD) has implemented a coordinated, city-funded gang reduction strategy that consists of an array of components including: violence prevention, intervention, interruption, and community engagement. This comprehensive approach has been associated with approximately 27 less retaliatory gang homicides and 87 less retaliatory gang aggravated assaults per year.20 Even after recent increases in violence in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, Los Angeles homicides are still down more than 20% from their average level in the years prior to the implementation of GRYD.21

Massachusetts

In Massachusetts, which has the lowest gun death rate of any state,22 the Executive Office of Health and Human Services operates the Safe and Successful Youth Initiative (SSYI) in 21 communities throughout the state. SSYI offers young men who have committed a gun or gang-related crime services that include case management, employment support, and behavioral health services, and it is associated with reducing violent crime in the state by preventing more than 800 violent crime victimizations per year.23Gun-related homicides decreased more than 20% in the nine years following SSYI implementation.24 

OTHER VIOLENCE REDUCTION STRATEGIES

The gun violence prevention field is evolving rapidly to support CVI efforts led by communities of color. However, there are other strategies to combat community violence, some of which involve law enforcement. Below are two commonly referenced approaches:

Group Violence Intervention

Group Violence Intervention, or “Focused Deterrence,” calls for a local partnership of law enforcement, service providers, and community members to work collectively to identify potential producers of violence and bring them together to intervene with a message that the violence must stop.25 Partners offer participants social services while narrow enforcement actions are taken against those who continue to engage in acts of serious violence.

Environmental Crime Prevention

Environmental Crime Prevention focuses on improving the physical environment in high-crime neighborhoods, including cleaning up abandoned lots and installing lighting in dark areas that serve as magnets for violent crime.26 It also includes Safe Passage programs, in which schools, law enforcement, and communities collaborate to provide safe routes to and from school.

The Importance of Diversity, Equity & Inclusion

It cannot be emphasized enough that Black and Brown communities experience the harm and trauma of community violence at alarmingly high rates. As such, in order to be effective, efforts to reduce violence must be culturally competent in nature and utilize a diverse, equitable, and inclusive lens.

Historically, the distribution of funding and other government resources has strongly favored law enforcement efforts that aim to reduce community violence at the expense of investing in community-led programs that have a proven track record of reducing violence when appropriately supported.

In the last year, the federal government has recognized the power and impact of community-based approaches and has instructed agencies to “consult with members of communities that have been historically underrepresented in the Federal Government and underserved by, or subject to discrimination in, Federal policies and programs.”27 This explicit effort to strengthen diversity, equity, and inclusion in the workforce should be reflected at all levels of government and organizational design so that all voices are represented in strategic discussions about how to reduce community violence.

Saving Lives by Investing in CVI

The cost to scale up and support lifesaving community violence intervention strategies is a fraction of what gun violence costs taxpayers.

THE ECONOMIC COST OF GUN VIOLENCE

Although not all communities experience high rates of gun violence, all Americans bear the significant economic burden stemming from health care, law enforcement, and the other tremendous public expenses associated with community violence. Gun violence costs this country over $557 billion every year, and most of these costs are shouldered by the American taxpayer. A single gun fatality costs taxpayers $270,904. On average, each resident pays nearly $1,700 annually because of gun violence.28

Evidence shows that investing in community violence intervention programs both saves lives and reduces the enormous economic burdens of violence: 29

Bringing CVI Success to Scale

Historically, Congress has prioritized appropriating billions of dollars to support law enforcement, with a heavy emphasis on funds to hire law enforcement personnel, rather than invest significantly in CVI-focused efforts. Fiscal Year 2022 marked the first time Congress established a dedicated grant program within the Department of Justice specifically to support CVI efforts by creating the Community Violence Intervention and Prevention Initiative (CVIPI).33 However, CVIPI was only appropriated $50 million for Fiscal Year 2022, an amount that fails to meet the needs of the field or match the heightened levels of violence experienced across communities.

Through executive action, the Biden administration has made clear that the federal government should seek to address systemic barriers to opportunities and benefits for people of color.34 More specifically, the administration has taken concrete steps to encourage increased investment in “community violence interventions—evidence-based programs that are shown to help reduce violent crime.”35

By rectifying a lack of investment in community-based violence reduction programming, Congress can make meaningful strides towards achieving this goal. An annual $750 million federal investment in CVI, split evenly between DOJ and HHS, would help to fill the glaring gap in national public safety policy, allowing dozens of US cities most impacted by violence to replicate the transformative CVI strategies and approaches discussed above.

This funding would enable the hiring of hundreds more trained street outreach workers and other types of violence prevention professionals working on the ground in communities to disrupt cycles of violence and provide a proactive, coordinated health response, in order to fill gaps in the traditional law enforcement response to violence and improve public safety.36

As we’ve seen at the state and city level, supporting the implementation and expansion of CVI strategies is a long-overdue investment in an effective, comprehensive approach to public safety that will pay for itself many times over. This is an investment supported by the Biden administration,37 as well as national coalitions of practitioners, advocates, researchers, and local political leaders.38 As the nation seeks to address centuries of divestment from Black and Brown communities, Congress must lend greater support to proven and promising CVI strategies working to heal those most impacted by violence and prioritize investments in community violence intervention.

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SPOTLIGHT

COMMUNITY INTERVENTION

Community violence intervention focuses on reducing the daily homicides and shootings that contribute to our country’s gun violence epidemic. We created Giffords Center for Violence Intervention to champion community-based efforts to save lives and improve public safety. 

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STAY CONNECTED

Interventions are most effective when they are supported by strong community networks. Sign up for Giffords Center for Violence Intervention’s newsletter to learn more about what’s happening in the field, relevant legislation, and funding opportunities.

  1. Ari Davis, et al., “A Year in Review: 2020 Gun Deaths in the U.S.,” The Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Violence Solutions, April 28, 2022,https://publichealth.jhu.edu/sites/default/files/2022-05/2020-gun-deaths-in-the-us-4-28-2022-b.pdf.”[↩]
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the final Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018–21, and from provisional data for years 2022-2023, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed January 25, 2024, at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html.[↩]
  3. “Community Violence Prevention,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, October 18, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/communityviolence/index.html#:~:text=Community%20violence%20happens%20between%20unrelated,schools%20and%20on%20the%20streets.[↩]
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the final Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2021, and from provisional data for years 2022–23, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed January 25, 2024, at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html.[↩]
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System, Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the final Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018–21, and from provisional data for years 2022–23, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed January 25, 2024, at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html.[↩]
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. Provisional Mortality on CDC WONDER Online Database. Data are from the final Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2018-2021, and from provisional data for years 2022-2023, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed January 25, 2024, at http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html.[↩]
  7. Carissa Scmidt, et al., “Risk and Protective Factors Related to Youth Firearm Violence: A Scoping Review and Directions for Future Research,” J Behav Med, Aug 2019, 42(4):706–723, doi: 10.1007/s10865-019-00076-7.[↩]
  8. Id.[↩]
  9. Urban Peace Academy, Urban Peace Institute, Gang Intervention Professional Standards 2021, on file with Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence and available upon request.[↩]
  10. An evaluation of READI in Chicago—a program that combines cognitive-behavioral therapy, personal development programming, and subsidized employment and job support—demonstrates that community-based strategies can be highly successful at recruiting those at “staggeringly high risk of gun violence involvement.” After fiscal restraints prevented READI from serving all of the nearly 2,500 men they identified to be at very high risk for involvement with gun violence, evaluators (Bertrand et al.) from the Chicago Crime Lab were able to determine that those whom READI was not able to offer services were 54 times more likely to be killed with a gun than the average person in Chicago.[↩]
  11. Monic Bhatt, et al., “Predicting and Preventing Gun Violence: An Experimental Evaluation of READI Chicago,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol 139(1), pages 1–56, 2024, https://www.nber.org/papers/w30852.[↩]
  12. Some characteristics include: a willingness to work with rival groups, an ability to intervene in existing conflict, an in-depth knowledge of community dynamics, being in good standing with the community, a dedication to promoting forgiveness, and being culturally competent. To read more information about characteristics of CVI workers, please reference Giffords’s recent report “On the Frontlines: Elevating the Voices of Violence Intervention Workers” from October 2021.[↩]
  13. Some preferred qualifications include: a high school diploma or equivalent, basic computer skills, entry-level violence intervention training, an ability to navigate social media, an ability to pass drug screenings, and the lack of pending criminal cases. To read more information about qualifications of CVI workers, please reference Giffords Law Center’s recent report “On the Frontlines: Elevating the Voices of Violence Intervention Workers” from October 2021.[↩]
  14. An analysis published in the Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery revealed that within the first five years of hospitalization for an assault-related injury, the chances of recidivating are as high as 45% (Purtle et al.). Further research from the Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center in New York found that 13% to 20% of those treated and discharged are killed within the same short time frame. With HVIP services, an evaluation of the San Francisco Wrap Around project demonstrates that patients who received HVIP services were four times less likely to be violently reinjured compared to similar patients without access to HVIP services.[↩]
  15. The Health Alliance for Violence Intervention, last accessed May 10, 2022, https://www.thehavi.org.[↩]
  16. See, e.g., Carnell Cooper, Dawn M. Eslinger, and Paul D. Stolley, “Hospital-based violence intervention programs work,” J Trauma 61, no. 3 (2006): 534–540.[↩]
  17. Chicago CRED’s comprehensive street outreach strategy is associated with reducing the likelihood of injury or death among program participants by nearly 50%, according to early findings from the Northwestern Neighborhood and Network Initiative (N3) at Northwestern University. Participants were also 48% less likely to be arrested for a violent crime 18 months after starting the program; Evaluators from the University of California, Los Angeles and California State University, Los Angeles determined that any action taken by the GRYD Triangle Partnership, a coordinated city-wide effort that seeks to forge relationships between GRYD Community Intervention Workers (CIWs) and community members capable of influencing gang dynamics in GRYD zones, reduced gang-related retaliations by 41.2% over a four-year period.[↩]
  18. Cure Violence Global, “The Evidence of Effectiveness,” August 2021, https://cvg.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Cure-Violence-Evidence-Summary.pdf.[↩]
  19. Through outreach, case management, cognitive behavior therapy, and the provision of support services, ROCA has helped reduce the likelihood of recidivism for participants by 42–46% over a three-year period compared to a similar population (Abt Associates Implementation Study, 2018-2021). Furthermore, though young people with violent offenses often recidivate with similar or more violent offenses, among ROCA participants—66% of which had a violent history—only 18% recidivated for a violent offense within three years.[↩]
  20. Anne C. Tremblay et al., “The City of Los Angeles Mayor’s Office of Gang Reduction and Youth Development (GRYD) Comprehensive Strategy,” GRYD Research & Evaluation Brief No. 1, LA GRYD, June 2020, https://www.juvenilejusticeresearch.com/sites/default/files/2020-08/GRYD%20Brief%202_The%20Impact%20of%20the%20GRYD%20IR%20Program_6.2020.pdf[↩]
  21. “Murder in Los Angeles (Spring 2015).” UCLA Blueprint.  https://blueprint.ucla.edu/infographic/murder-in-los-angeles/ (compared the average of 2003 to 2006 to the number in 2021, 397 homicides retrieved from  https://xtown.la/2022/01/10/los-angeles-murders-2021.[↩]
  22. Everytown for Gun Safety, “Gun Violence in Massachusetts.” (January 2021). https://maps.everytownresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Gun-Violence-in-Massachusetts-2.9.2021.pdf.[↩]
  23. SSYI was added to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Crime Solutions and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention’s Model Programs Guide as a “Promising Practice” in 2021. See “Program Profile: Safe and Successful Youth Initiative (SSYI) (Massachusetts),” National Institute of Justice, April 9, 2021, https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/717#pd.[↩]
  24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fatal Injury and Violence Data, https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal.html, last accessed May 23, 2022.[↩]
  25. The National Network for Safe Communities, last accessed May 10, 2022, https://nnscommunities.org.[↩]
  26. Charles C. Brana et al., “Citywide cluster randomized trial to restore blighted vacant land and its effects on violence, crime, and fear,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 12 (February 26, 2018): 2946-2951.[↩]
  27. “Executive Order on Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility in the Federal Workforce,” The White House, June 25, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/06/25/executive-order-on-diversity-equity-inclusion-and-accessibility-in-the-federal-workforce/.[↩]
  28. Everytown for Gun Safety, “The Economic Cost of Gun Violence,” February 17, 2021, https://everytownresearch.org/report/the-economic-cost-of-gun-violence.[↩]
  29. See Rachel Huguet et al., “Cost-Benefit Analysis: Operation Peacemaker,” University of Southern California Sol Price School of Public Policy, 2016, https://www.advancepeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/6-USC_ONS_CBA.pdf; Jason Corburn & Amanda Fukutome-Lopez, “Outcome Evaluation of Advance Peace Sacramento, 2018–19,” UC Berkeley, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, https://www.advancepeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Corburn-and-F-Lopez-Advance-Peace-Sacramento-2-Year-Evaluation-03-2020.pdf.[↩]
  30. Executive Office of Health and Human Services, “Safe and Successful Youth Initiative (SSYI): Legislative Report,” March 16, 2020, https://commcorp.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/ SSYI-Annual-Legislative-Report-FY19.pdf.[↩]
  31. P. Jeffrey Brantingham, Baichua Yuan, Denise C. Hertz, “The Impact of the GRYD Incident Response Program on Gang Retaliations,” GRYD Research & Evaluation Brief No. 2, LA GRYD, June 2020, https://www.juvenilejusticeresearch.com/sites/default/files/2020-08/GRYD%20Brief%202_The%20Impact%20of%20the%20GRYD%20IR%20Program_6.2020.pdf.[↩]
  32. “Monic Bhatt, et al., “Predicting and Preventing Gun Violence: An Experimental Evaluation of READI Chicago,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol 139(1), pages 1–56, 2024, https://www.nber.org/papers/w30852.[↩]
  33. See Office of Justice Programs,  “Community Based Violence Intervention and Prevention Initiative,” US Department of Justice, May 23, 2022, https://www.ojp.gov/program/cvipi.[↩]
  34. “Executive Order on Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities Through the Federal Government,” The White House, January 20, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/executive-order-advancing-racial-equity-and-support-for-underserved-communities-through-the-federal-government.[↩]
  35. “President Biden Announces More Actions to Reduce Gun Crime And Calls on Congress to Fund Community Policing and Community Violence Intervention” The White House, February 3, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/02/03/president-biden-announces-more-actions-to-reduce-gun-crime-and-calls-on-congress-to-fund-community-policing-and-community-violence-intervention.[↩]
  36. Brittany Nieto and Mike McLively, “America at a Crossroads: Reimagining Federal Funding to End Community Violence,” Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, December 17, 2020, https://giffords.org/lawcenter/report/america-at-a-crossroads-reimagining-federal-funding-to-end-community-violence.[↩]
  37. The White House, “Fact Sheet: More Details on the Biden-Harris Administration’s Investments in Community Violence Interventions,” news release, April 7, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/07/fact-sheet-more-details-on-the-biden-harris-administrations-investments-in-community-violence-interventions.[↩]
  38. Invest In Us, last accessed May 10, 2022, https://investinuscoalition.org.[↩]